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/Title (FCIN055)
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0 841 m
W n
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W n
/Cs8 CS 1 SCN
0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d
/GS2 gs
297.638 481 m
297.638 64.307 l
S
28.346 47.299 m
566.929 47.299 l
S
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
14.173 727.614 566.929 -22.677 re
f
BT
/F3 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 29.3465 711.326 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
/GS1 gs
0.5982 Tc
0 Tw
[(INFORMA)54.7(TION NOTE)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
20 0 0 20 312.811 796.3752 Tm
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(An Indication of the Likely)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
-0.1019 Tc
(Vo)Tj
1.176 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
-0.0001 Tw
(lume Gains from Improved)Tj
-1.176 -1.2 TD
0 Tw
(Sitka Spruce Planting Stock)Tj
ET
1 J [0.001 1.001 ]0.001 d
14.405 685.094 m
580.371 685.094 l
S
14.423 684.844 m
14.357 684.844 14.293 684.871 14.246 684.918 c
14.2 684.965 14.173 685.028 14.173 685.094 c
14.173 685.161 14.2 685.224 14.246 685.271 c
14.293 685.318 14.357 685.344 14.423 685.344 c
14.49 685.344 14.553 685.318 14.6 685.271 c
14.647 685.224 14.673 685.161 14.673 685.094 c
14.673 685.028 14.647 684.965 14.6 684.918 c
14.553 684.871 14.49 684.844 14.423 684.844 c
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580.852 684.844 m
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580.602 685.161 580.629 685.224 580.676 685.271 c
580.722 685.318 580.786 685.344 580.852 685.344 c
580.919 685.344 580.982 685.318 581.029 685.271 c
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BT
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(FCIN55)Tj
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/Cs8 cs 1 scn
0.1259 Tc
(INTRODUCTION)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 29.3464 441.712 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
-0.0001 Tc
(It is a requirement of tree breeders to provide estimates of)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(gains from their improved planting stock. Rather than)Tj
T*
(waiting until the final rotation, breeders present part-)Tj
T*
(rotation gains based on actual data they have collected,)Tj
T*
(e.g. 10-year height \(Lee, 1991\) and latterly 15-year)Tj
T*
(diameter, stem form and wood density \(Lee, 2001\). There)Tj
T*
(are two potential problems with this approach. Firstly,)Tj
T*
(breeders are not able to state actual final rotation volume)Tj
T*
(gain which is important to forest managers and, secondly,)Tj
T*
(there is the possibility that breeders may not be)Tj
T*
(maximising final volume gains if selections have been)Tj
T*
(based on the performance of correlated traits at an early)Tj
T*
(age such as 10-year height. )Tj
0 -2.8 TD
(In the early 1990s an opportunity arose to address these)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(problems by measuring stem volume in one of the first)Tj
T*
(Sitka spruce progeny tests ever planted, which was then)Tj
T*
(close to final rotation age. This permitted the performance)Tj
T*
(of different families to be assessed in terms of a variable)Tj
T*
(very closely related to final yield and also permitted)Tj
T*
(comparison with an earlier assessment of performance)Tj
T*
(based on height.)Tj
0 -2.8 TD
(The impact of growth rate on characteristics affecting)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(timber quality, while recognised as an important part of)Tj
T*
(the tree improvement work carried out by Forest)Tj
T*
(Research, was not addressed here.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 312.811 469.712 Tm
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
0.1259 Tc
[(METHODS AND MA)54.8(TERIALS)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 312.811 441.712 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
-0.0001 Tc
(In 1953 the first Sitka spruce open-pollinated progeny)Tj
T*
(trial was planted over three sites in Britain. Seed had been)Tj
T*
(collected from 11 plus-trees \(highly selected phenotypes)Tj
T*
(with well above average growth rates and stem quality\))Tj
T*
(growing in different forests in Britain. The experiment)Tj
T*
(was designed to give information about the genetic value)Tj
T*
(or breeding value \(BV\) of the mother plus-tree by)Tj
T*
(measuring the performance of all the progeny \(collectively)Tj
T*
(known as a )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.2239 0 TD
-0.0002 Tc
(family)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
2.7212 0 TD
0.0001 Tw
(\) derived from that tree. )Tj
-7.9451 -2.8 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0 Tw
(Experimental design consisted of 10 x 10 tree block-plots)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(at 1.5 m square spacing and five complete replications at)Tj
T*
(each site. By 1990, the only remaining site from this series)Tj
T*
[(was located at Clocaenog Forest in north Wales.)-277.9(The)-277.9(trial)]TJ
T*
(had been largely neglected following an assessment of)Tj
T*
(10-year height in 1962. No thinning had ever taken place,)Tj
T*
(leading to a large number of tall, dead trees that in many)Tj
T*
(cases were still standing, scattered among the live trees to)Tj
T*
(be assessed.)Tj
0 -2.8 TD
(In 1990 the Clocaenog site was revisited and the 38-year-)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(old experiment was assessed for diameter and volume.)Tj
T*
(Diameter at breast height \(DBH\) was recorded for all live)Tj
T*
(trees greater than 10 cm within the inner 8 x 8 trees in)Tj
T*
(each plot, which covered an area of 0.0144 ha. Sample)Tj
T*
(trees, selected systematically throughout the observed)Tj
T*
(DBH distribution for each treatment, were assessed for)Tj
T*
(height and stem volumes according to standard Forest)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
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/Cs8 cs 1 scn
0 Tc
(1)Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 k
362.426 699.268 207.503 -11.339 re
f
BT
/F2 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 490.1415 692.3889 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
0.4017 Tc
(MARCH 2004)Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 k
28.346 662.419 538.583 -155.016 re
f
BT
/F3 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 29.3464 651.1305 Tm
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
0.1259 Tc
[(SUMMAR)17.7(Y)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 29.3464 623.1305 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
-0.0001 Tc
(Volume gains from an old Sitka spruce tree breeding experiment were evaluated, allowing predictions to be made of the)Tj
T*
(likely volume increases which could be expected from modern tested seed orchards and family mixtures. Estimation of stem)Tj
T*
(volume was carried out in a 38-year-old open-pollinated Sitka spruce progeny trial growing in Clocaenog Forest, north)Tj
T*
(Wales, which had previously been measured for 10-year height. The mean volume production of all the families grown)Tj
T*
(from selected plus-trees was estimated to be 21% greater than the Queen Charlotte Island \(QCI\) control; the mean of the)Tj
T*
(best three families in the experiment was 32% greater than the QCI control and the estimated volume of the very best)Tj
T*
(family was 42% greater than the QCI control. If the results of this study were to be extrapolated to seed stock currently)Tj
T*
(available from tested clonal seed orchards, final rotation volume gains could be expected to exceed unimproved QCI seed)Tj
T*
(stock by between 21% and 29%. )Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 k
14.173 699.268 431.593 -11.339 re
f
BT
/F2 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 29.3465 692.3889 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
0.4017 Tc
(BY STEVE LEE AND ROBERT MATTHEWS OF FOREST RESEARCH)Tj
ET
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(231 Corstorphine Road)Tj
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(Edinburgh)Tj
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1 i
0 841 595 -841 re
0 841 m
W n
0.06 841.98 595.32 -841.92 re
W n
/Cs8 CS 1 SCN
0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d
/GS2 gs
297.638 784.307 m
297.638 436.612 l
S
BT
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 293.8585 26.1426 Tm
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
ET
28.346 47.3 m
566.929 47.3 l
S
0 0 0 0 k
311.811 784.307 255.118 -355.212 re
f
BT
14 0 0 14 312.8108 773.019 Tm
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
0.1258 Tc
[(RESUL)39.6(TS)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 312.8108 745.019 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
-0.0001 Tc
(Table 1 gives results for the 11 open-pollinated families)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(and QCI control, including 10-year mean height, 38-year)Tj
T*
(quadratic mean diameter and top height, and productivity)Tj
T*
(per hectare based on live volume estimates. The mean top)Tj
T*
(height for the experiment was 16 m, equivalent to a GYC)Tj
T*
(of 12. Estimates of LYC varied from 11 \(QCI control\) to)Tj
T*
-0.0002 Tc
0.0001 Tw
(15 \(family 10\).)Tj
0 -2.8 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0 Tw
(In order to account for the variability of live trees within)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(the experiment which had arisen prior to 1990, volume)Tj
T*
(estimates were adjusted to a common stocking level across)Tj
T*
(families using survival observed in plots for different)Tj
T*
(families as a covariate. Both unadjusted and adjusted)Tj
T*
(volume estimates are shown in Table 1 although)Tj
T*
(comparisons are based on the adjusted estimates. All the)Tj
T*
(families have a greater estimated stem volume per hectare)Tj
T*
(compared to the QCI control; this varied from +5% to)Tj
T*
(+42%. The mean estimated volume of all the families)Tj
T*
(relative to the QCI control was +21%. )Tj
0 -2.8 TD
(Table 2 shows how a reselected portion of the original 11)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(families performed for 38-year volume relative to the QCI)Tj
T*
(control, depending on the age at which the selection took)Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 k
28.346 784.307 255.118 -353.174 re
f
BT
10 0 0 10 29.3464 775.668 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
(Research mensuration sample plot protocols, as described)Tj
T*
-0.0002 Tc
0.0001 Tw
(in Hummel )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.1646 0 TD
0 Tw
(et al)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.8323 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(. \(1959\). Top height was estimated as the)Tj
-6.9968 -1.4 TD
(mean of the total heights of dominant trees in each)Tj
T*
(treatment which, combined with the stand age, gave an)Tj
T*
(estimate of General Yield Class \(GYC; Edwards and)Tj
T*
(Christie, 1981\). The Local Yield Class \(LYC\) of each)Tj
T*
(treatment was estimated by comparing the average)Tj
T*
(volume per hectare with predictions estimated from an)Tj
T*
(early version of an interactive computer-based yield model)Tj
T*
(for Sitka spruce stands then under development)Tj
T*
(\(Matthews and Sencee, 1993\).)Tj
0 -3 TD
(Family performance in terms of yield was assessed by)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(comparing 38-year diameter, top height and volume as)Tj
T*
(well as 10-year height for the 11 families against the)Tj
T*
(standard QCI control. Breeders can use these results to)Tj
T*
(estimate the BV of the original plus-trees relative to the)Tj
T*
(QCI control. It is the original plus-trees which are)Tj
T*
(subsequently involved in any further cross-pollination to)Tj
T*
(produce improved planting stock. BV is a measure of the)Tj
T*
(heritable genetic value net of any environmental effects)Tj
T*
(which can be expected from using a given plus-tree in a)Tj
T*
(crossing programme. Predicted gain from a tested seed)Tj
T*
(orchard or family mixture is the mean of the breeding)Tj
T*
(values estimated for the constituent trees.)Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 k
28.346 405.315 538.583 -11.546 re
f
BT
/F3 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 29.3465 397.7012 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
-0.0002 Tc
0.0001 Tw
(Table 1)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5.3333 0 TD
-0.003 Tc
0 Tw
(Yield performance of the open-pollinated families representing the 11 plus-trees compared to the unimproved QCI control.)Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 k
28.346 385.472 539.857 -312.278 re
f
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
/GS1 gs
28.346 385.472 59.2 -47.349 re
f
BT
/F2 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 33.3465 374.3587 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
-0.0002 Tc
(Treatment)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
87.546 385.472 92.844 -28.506 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 101.57 374.3587 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
-0.0001 Tc
(Mean height at )Tj
1.6811 -1.2 TD
(10 years)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
180.39 385.472 92.492 -28.506 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 197.8979 374.3587 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
(Top height at)Tj
1.2606 -1.2 TD
(38 years)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
272.882 385.472 92.492 -28.506 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 290.8547 374.3587 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
(Mean DBH at )Tj
1.209 -1.2 TD
(38 years)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
365.374 385.472 51.172 -47.349 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 371.3197 374.3587 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
-0.0002 Tc
(Surviving)Tj
-0.1471 -1.2 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(trees/plot)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
416.546 385.472 49.193 -47.349 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 421.2683 374.3587 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
-0.0002 Tc
(Live stem)Tj
0.4857 -1.2 TD
(volume)Tj
-0.1616 -1.2 TD
(\(m)Tj
4.5 0 0 4.5 436.0812 355.9775 Tm
(3 )Tj
9 0 0 9 439.955 352.7587 Tm
(ha)Tj
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-0.0004 Tc
(-1)Tj
9 0 0 9 454.4372 352.7587 Tm
0 Tc
(\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
465.739 385.472 101.964 -28.506 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 478.0704 374.3587 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
-0.0002 Tc
(Adjusted live stem)Tj
2.572 -1.2 TD
(volume)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.7 scn
87.546 356.966 33.598 -18.843 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 96.8155 345.738 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(\(m\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.7 scn
/GS1 gs
121.144 356.966 59.246 -18.843 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 125.703 345.738 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0116 Tc
(As % of QCI)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.7 scn
/GS1 gs
180.39 356.966 33.348 -18.843 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 189.4096 345.738 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(\(m\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.7 scn
/GS1 gs
213.738 356.966 59.144 -18.843 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 218.2461 345.738 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0116 Tc
(As % of QCI)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.7 scn
/GS1 gs
272.882 356.966 33.348 -18.843 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 279.7517 345.738 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(\(cm\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.7 scn
/GS1 gs
306.23 356.966 59.144 -18.843 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 310.7382 345.738 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0116 Tc
(As % of QCI)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.7 scn
/GS1 gs
465.739 356.966 42.821 -18.843 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 470.3171 345.738 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0002 Tc
(\(m)Tj
4.5 0 0 4.5 482.2131 348.9568 Tm
(3 )Tj
9 0 0 9 486.0869 345.738 Tm
(ha)Tj
4.5 0 0 4.5 496.4888 348.9568 Tm
-0.0004 Tc
(-1)Tj
9 0 0 9 500.5691 345.738 Tm
0 Tc
(\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.7 scn
/GS1 gs
508.56 356.966 59.643 -18.843 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 513.0674 345.738 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0116 Tc
(As % of QCI)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
28.346 338.123 59.2 -20.821 re
f
BT
/F1 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 33.3465 325.1559 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(Family 1)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
87.546 338.123 33.598 -20.821 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 325.1559 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(2.68)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
121.144 338.123 59.246 -20.821 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 325.1559 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(111)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
180.39 338.123 33.348 -20.821 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 325.1559 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(15.50)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
213.738 338.123 59.144 -20.821 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 325.1559 Tm
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(0)Tj
0 0 0 1 k
0.574 0 TD
(99)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
272.882 338.123 33.348 -20.821 re
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BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 325.1559 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(15.83)Tj
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/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
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f
BT
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0 0 0 1 k
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0 Tc
(111)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
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BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 325.1559 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(38.0)Tj
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/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 325.1559 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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0 Tc
(383)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 325.1559 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(422)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
508.56 338.123 59.643 -20.821 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 325.1559 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(127)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
28.346 317.302 59.2 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 305.0845 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(Family 2)Tj
ET
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87.546 317.302 33.598 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 305.0845 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(2.56)Tj
ET
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121.144 317.302 59.246 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 305.0845 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(106)Tj
ET
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180.39 317.302 33.348 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 305.0845 Tm
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(16.50)Tj
ET
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213.738 317.302 59.144 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 305.0845 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(105)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 305.0845 Tm
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ET
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306.23 317.302 59.144 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 305.0845 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(103)Tj
ET
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365.374 317.302 51.172 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 305.0845 Tm
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ET
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416.546 317.302 49.193 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 305.0845 Tm
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(369)Tj
ET
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465.739 317.302 42.821 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 305.0845 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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ET
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508.56 317.302 59.643 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 305.0845 Tm
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ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 285.0131 Tm
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(Family 3)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 285.0131 Tm
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ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 285.0131 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(111)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 285.0131 Tm
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ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 285.0131 Tm
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(101)Tj
ET
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272.882 297.231 33.348 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 285.0131 Tm
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ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 285.0131 Tm
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(105)Tj
ET
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365.374 297.231 51.172 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 285.0131 Tm
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ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 285.0131 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(421)Tj
ET
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465.739 297.231 42.821 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 285.0131 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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ET
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508.56 297.231 59.643 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 285.0131 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(118)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 264.9417 Tm
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(Family 4)Tj
ET
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87.546 277.159 33.598 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 264.9417 Tm
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ET
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121.144 277.159 59.246 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 264.9417 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(119)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 264.9417 Tm
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(16.00)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 264.9417 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(102)Tj
ET
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272.882 277.159 33.348 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 264.9417 Tm
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(15.12)Tj
ET
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306.23 277.159 59.144 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 264.9417 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(106)Tj
ET
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365.374 277.159 51.172 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 264.9417 Tm
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(45.0)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 264.9417 Tm
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(405)Tj
ET
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465.739 277.159 42.821 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 264.9417 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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ET
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508.56 277.159 59.643 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 264.9417 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(120)Tj
ET
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28.346 257.088 59.2 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 244.8701 Tm
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(Family 5)Tj
ET
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87.546 257.088 33.598 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 244.8701 Tm
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ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 244.8701 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(126)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 244.8701 Tm
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(17.80)Tj
ET
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213.738 257.088 59.144 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 244.8701 Tm
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ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 244.8701 Tm
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ET
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306.23 257.088 59.144 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 244.8701 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(113)Tj
ET
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365.374 257.088 51.172 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 244.8701 Tm
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(40.4)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 244.8701 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(426)Tj
ET
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465.739 257.088 42.821 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 244.8701 Tm
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ET
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508.56 257.088 59.643 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 244.8701 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 224.7987 Tm
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(Family 6)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 224.7987 Tm
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ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 224.7987 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(106)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 224.7987 Tm
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(16.20)Tj
ET
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213.738 237.016 59.144 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 224.7987 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(103)Tj
ET
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f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 224.7987 Tm
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(15.37)Tj
ET
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306.23 237.016 59.144 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 224.7987 Tm
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(108)Tj
ET
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365.374 237.016 51.172 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 224.7987 Tm
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(43.6)Tj
ET
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416.546 237.016 49.193 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 224.7987 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(408)Tj
ET
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465.739 237.016 42.821 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 224.7987 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(410)Tj
ET
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508.56 237.016 59.643 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 224.7987 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(123)Tj
ET
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28.346 216.945 59.2 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(Family 7)Tj
ET
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87.546 216.945 33.598 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(2.63)Tj
ET
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121.144 216.945 59.246 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(109)Tj
ET
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180.39 216.945 33.348 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(16.00)Tj
ET
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213.738 216.945 59.144 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(102)Tj
ET
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272.882 216.945 33.348 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(15.11)Tj
ET
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306.23 216.945 59.144 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(106)Tj
ET
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365.374 216.945 51.172 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(43.4)Tj
ET
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416.546 216.945 49.193 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(392)Tj
ET
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465.739 216.945 42.821 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(396)Tj
ET
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508.56 216.945 59.643 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 204.7272 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(119)Tj
ET
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28.346 196.873 59.2 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(Family 8)Tj
ET
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87.546 196.873 33.598 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(3.14)Tj
ET
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121.144 196.873 59.246 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(130)Tj
ET
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180.39 196.873 33.348 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(17.60)Tj
ET
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213.738 196.873 59.144 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(112)Tj
ET
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272.882 196.873 33.348 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(15.02)Tj
ET
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306.23 196.873 59.144 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(106)Tj
ET
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365.374 196.873 51.172 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(48.0)Tj
ET
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416.546 196.873 49.193 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(424)Tj
ET
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465.739 196.873 42.821 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(399)Tj
ET
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508.56 196.873 59.643 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 184.6557 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(120)Tj
ET
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28.346 176.802 59.2 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(Family 9)Tj
ET
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87.546 176.802 33.598 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(3.08)Tj
ET
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121.144 176.802 59.246 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(128)Tj
ET
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180.39 176.802 33.348 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(16.50)Tj
ET
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213.738 176.802 59.144 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(105)Tj
ET
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272.882 176.802 33.348 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 164.5842 Tm
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(15.89)Tj
ET
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306.23 176.802 59.144 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(112)Tj
ET
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365.374 176.802 51.172 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(46.4)Tj
ET
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416.546 176.802 49.193 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(478)Tj
ET
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465.739 176.802 42.821 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(447)Tj
ET
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508.56 176.802 59.643 -20.072 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 164.5842 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(134)Tj
ET
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28.346 156.73 59.2 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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-0.0001 Tc
(Family 10)Tj
ET
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87.546 156.73 33.598 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(3.09)Tj
ET
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121.144 156.73 59.246 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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0 Tc
(128)Tj
ET
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180.39 156.73 33.348 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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-0.0001 Tc
(16.20)Tj
ET
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213.738 156.73 59.144 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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0 Tc
(103)Tj
ET
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272.882 156.73 33.348 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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-0.0001 Tc
(16.34)Tj
ET
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306.23 156.73 59.144 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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0 Tc
(115)Tj
ET
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365.374 156.73 51.172 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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-0.0001 Tc
(44.0)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
416.546 156.73 49.193 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(474)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
465.739 156.73 42.821 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(473)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
508.56 156.73 59.643 -20.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 144.5126 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(142)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
28.346 136.659 59.2 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(Family 11)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
87.546 136.659 33.598 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(2.50)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
121.144 136.659 59.246 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(104)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
180.39 136.659 33.348 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(16.40)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
213.738 136.659 59.144 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(104)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
272.882 136.659 33.348 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(14.38)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
306.23 136.659 59.144 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(101)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
365.374 136.659 51.172 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(46.4)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
416.546 136.659 49.193 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(367)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
465.739 136.659 42.821 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(351)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.25 scn
/GS1 gs
508.56 136.659 59.643 -20.572 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 124.4411 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(105)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
28.346 116.087 59.2 -21.071 re
f
BT
/F2 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 33.3465 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(Mean)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
87.546 116.087 33.598 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(2.77)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
121.144 116.087 59.246 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(115)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
180.39 116.087 33.348 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(16.36)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
213.738 116.087 59.144 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(104)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
272.882 116.087 33.348 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(15.25)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
306.23 116.087 59.144 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(107)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
365.374 116.087 51.172 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(44.0)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
416.546 116.087 49.193 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(383)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
465.739 116.087 42.821 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(403)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.35 scn
/GS1 gs
508.56 116.087 59.643 -21.071 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 103.3695 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(121)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
28.346 95.016 59.2 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3465 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(QCI control)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
87.546 95.016 33.598 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 95.5554 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(2.41)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
121.144 95.016 59.246 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 142.8933 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(100)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
180.39 95.016 33.348 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 185.5666 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(15.70)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
213.738 95.016 59.144 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 235.4365 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(100)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
272.882 95.016 33.348 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 278.0587 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(14.22)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
306.23 95.016 59.144 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 327.9286 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(100)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
365.374 95.016 51.172 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 381.9204 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(40.5)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
416.546 95.016 49.193 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 433.3939 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(310)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
465.739 95.016 42.821 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 479.5259 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(333)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.5 scn
/GS1 gs
508.56 95.016 59.643 -21.822 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 530.2578 82.2979 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(100)Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 K
1 w
/GS1 gs
28.846 385.472 m
28.846 73.194 l
S
1.5 w
87.546 385.472 m
87.546 73.194 l
S
0.5 w
121.144 357.216 m
121.144 73.194 l
S
1 w
180.39 385.472 m
180.39 73.194 l
S
0.5 w
213.738 357.216 m
213.738 73.194 l
S
1 w
272.882 385.472 m
272.882 73.194 l
S
0.5 w
306.23 357.216 m
306.23 73.194 l
S
1 w
365.374 385.472 m
365.374 73.194 l
416.546 385.472 m
416.546 73.194 l
465.739 385.472 m
465.739 73.194 l
S
0.5 w
508.56 357.216 m
508.56 73.194 l
S
1 w
567.703 385.472 m
567.703 73.194 l
S
0.5 w
28.346 385.222 m
568.203 385.222 l
86.796 356.966 m
365.874 356.966 l
465.239 356.966 m
568.203 356.966 l
S
2 w
28.346 338.123 m
568.203 338.123 l
S
0.5 w
28.346 317.302 m
568.203 317.302 l
28.346 297.231 m
568.203 297.231 l
28.346 277.159 m
568.203 277.159 l
28.346 257.088 m
568.203 257.088 l
28.346 237.016 m
568.203 237.016 l
28.346 216.945 m
568.203 216.945 l
28.346 196.873 m
568.203 196.873 l
28.346 176.802 m
568.203 176.802 l
28.346 156.73 m
568.203 156.73 l
28.346 136.659 m
568.203 136.659 l
S
1.5 w
28.346 116.087 m
568.203 116.087 l
28.346 95.016 m
568.203 95.016 l
28.346 73.944 m
568.203 73.944 l
S
0 0 0 0 k
/GS2 gs
28.346 69.029 529.251 -17.656 re
f
BT
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 29.3464 62.1497 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
-0.0001 Tc
(Note: Plots were formed of 10 x 10 trees planted at 1.5 m square spacing. Assessments based on inner 8 x 8 trees giving a plot)Tj
56.4428 0 TD
( area of 0.0144 ha.)Tj
ET
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1 i
0 841 595 -841 re
0 841 m
W n
0.06 841.98 595.32 -841.92 re
W n
/Cs8 CS 1 SCN
0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d
/GS2 gs
297.638 535.76 m
297.638 61.472 l
S
BT
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 293.8585 26.1426 Tm
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
0 Tc
0 Tw
(3)Tj
ET
28.346 47.3 m
566.929 47.3 l
S
0 0 0 0 k
28.346 535.085 255.119 -479.772 re
f
BT
/F6 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 29.3464 526.4457 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
-0.0001 Tc
(place. The top three families for 10-year height were on)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(average 29% taller than the QCI control. These same)Tj
T*
(families gave an 11% and 32% improvement when)Tj
T*
(assessed for 38-year diameter and volume respectively.)Tj
T*
(These figures compare well with the best three families)Tj
T*
(selected directly for 38-year volume, which were 13% and)Tj
T*
(37% better than the QCI control for diameter and)Tj
T*
(volume. The loss of genetic gain for 38-year volume by)Tj
T*
-0.0043 Tc
(selecting the best families based on 10-year height was 5%. )Tj
0 -3 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(In reality, it is not the progeny but the parental plus-trees)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
-0.0029 Tc
(which are ultimately planted in tested seed orchards. Gains)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
(from seed orchards are not directly equivalent to those)Tj
T*
-0.0196 Tc
(observed in Table 2 for two reasons. Firstly, the progeny give)Tj
T*
(an imprecise estimate of the parental BV; family performance)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
(has to be weighted by either assumed or directly estimated)Tj
T*
(heritability \(the degree to which the trait is under genetic)Tj
T*
(control varies from 0 to 1\). Secondly, in a tested seed)Tj
T*
(orchard all the parents are selected whereas in an open-)Tj
T*
-0.0029 Tc
(pollinated trial only the mother tree has been selected the)Tj
T*
-0.0057 Tc
(pollen input is considered to be random and assumed to be)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
(equivalent to the population average. Therefore, estimates)Tj
T*
-0.021 Tc
(are needed of the potential genetic gain from three alternative)Tj
T*
(tested seed orchards based on data collected in the Clocaenog)Tj
T*
-0.0057 Tc
(trial, as shown in Table 3. The first of these is based on the)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
(assumption that a seed orchard is planted with parents)Tj
T*
-0.021 Tc
(equivalent to the mean for all the plus-trees represented in)Tj
T*
(the)Tj
1.5478 0 TD
-0.0057 Tc
(Clocaenog progeny test. The second and third orchards)Tj
-1.5478 -1.4 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0009 Tw
[(are )5.5(assumed to be planted )]TJ
11.4753 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0 Tw
(with plus-trees equivalent to the)Tj
-11.4753 -1.4 TD
(selected proportions in Table 2. Orchard 2 is made up of)Tj
T*
(parents equivalent to the best three at Clocaenog when)Tj
T*
-0.014 Tc
(selection is made early based on 10-year height, and orchard)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
(3 is made up of parents equivalent to the best three when)Tj
T*
(selection is delayed until 38-year volume is available.)Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 k
311.811 535.266 255.118 -480.255 re
f
BT
10 0 0 10 312.811 526.6266 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
(Orchard 1 has a predicted genetic gain of +21% for 10-)Tj
T*
(year height and +29% for 38-year volume. The gain for)Tj
T*
(38-year volume increases to +45% for orchard 2 and)Tj
T*
(+52% for orchard 3. The gain foregone in 38-year volume)Tj
T*
(by establishing an orchard based on the best families for)Tj
T*
(10-year height rather than directly for 38-years volume is)Tj
T*
(estimated as just 7% \(52%45%\). )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 312.811 398.6266 Tm
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
0.1259 Tc
(DISCUSSION)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 312.811 370.6266 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
-0.0001 Tc
(There are problems associated with this study when trying)Tj
T*
(to extrapolate countrywide. These include:)Tj
0.5669 -2.8 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
1.1331 0 TD
-0.0168 Tc
(the small number of progeny included in the experiment;)Tj
-1.1331 -1.4 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
1.1331 0 TD
-0.0002 Tc
0.0001 Tw
(competition effects in the experiment which do not )Tj
0 -1.4 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0 Tw
(relate well to forest stand conditions;)Tj
-1.1331 -1.4 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
1.1331 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(the lack of replication across different forests or site)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(types. )Tj
-1.7 -2.8 TD
(It is possible that the results could be peculiar to this site)Tj
0 -1.4 TD
(and are not applicable elsewhere. However, it does appear)Tj
T*
-0.0029 Tc
(that the best families for 10-year height tend to retain their)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
(superiority much later into the rotation, resulting in only)Tj
T*
-0.0196 Tc
(minor differences relative to the maximum genetic gain when)Tj
T*
-0.0168 Tc
(evaluated based on direct selection for 38-year volume. Two)Tj
T*
-0.0057 Tc
(out of the best three families for 10-year height were in the)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
(top three for 38-year volume. This study supports others)Tj
T*
-0.0174 Tc
(\(Gill, 1987; Lee, 2001\), in asserting that it is not necessary to)Tj
T*
-0.0168 Tc
(wait until close to final rotation age before selecting superior)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
(parental trees for seed orchards. More generally, results)Tj
T*
(from Tables 2 and 3 suggest it is likely that the )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
20.4963 0 TD
(percentage)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-20.4963 -1.4 TD
(increase in final rotation volume will be greater than the)Tj
T*
(predicted percentage gain for 10-year height. )Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 k
28.346 755.961 538.583 -73.425 re
f
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
/GS1 gs
28.346 755.961 251.369 -19.031 re
f
279.715 755.961 94.173 -19.031 re
f
BT
/F2 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 286.7956 744.5136 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
(10-year height \(%\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
373.888 755.961 98.618 -19.031 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 378.8065 744.5136 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
-0.0116 Tc
(38-year diameter \(%\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
472.506 755.961 94.423 -19.031 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 477.6226 744.5136 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
-0.0001 Tc
(38-year volume \(%\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
28.346 736.93 251.369 -18.548 re
f
BT
/F1 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 33.3464 725.0995 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(Mean of all 11 families)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
279.715 736.93 94.173 -18.548 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 319.1778 725.0995 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(115)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
373.888 736.93 98.618 -18.548 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 415.4482 725.0995 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(107)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
472.506 736.93 94.423 -18.548 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 511.7187 725.0995 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(121)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
28.346 718.382 251.369 -17.798 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3464 707.3015 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(Mean of top 3 of families for 10-year height)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
279.715 718.382 94.173 -17.798 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 319.1778 707.3015 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(129)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
373.888 718.382 98.618 -17.798 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 415.4482 707.3015 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(111)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
472.506 718.382 94.423 -17.798 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 511.7187 707.3015 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(132)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
28.346 700.584 251.369 -18.048 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 33.3464 689.5034 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(Mean of top 3 of families for 38-year volume)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
279.715 700.584 94.173 -18.048 re
f
373.888 700.584 98.618 -18.048 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 415.4482 689.5034 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
(113)Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 0.3 scn
/GS1 gs
472.506 700.584 94.423 -18.048 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 511.7187 689.5034 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
(137)Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 K
1 w
/GS1 gs
28.846 755.961 m
28.846 682.536 l
S
1.5 w
279.715 755.961 m
279.715 682.536 l
S
1 w
373.888 755.961 m
373.888 682.536 l
472.506 755.961 m
472.506 682.536 l
566.429 755.961 m
566.429 682.536 l
S
0.5 w
28.346 755.711 m
566.929 755.711 l
S
2 w
28.346 736.93 m
566.929 736.93 l
S
0.5 w
28.346 718.382 m
566.929 718.382 l
28.346 700.584 m
566.929 700.584 l
28.346 682.786 m
566.929 682.786 l
S
0 0 0 0 k
/GS2 gs
28.723 665.252 538.583 -11.339 re
f
BT
/F3 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 29.7232 657.6382 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
-0.0002 Tc
0.0001 Tw
(Table 3)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5.3333 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0 Tw
(Predicted gains from three alternative tested seed orchards.)Tj
ET
0 0 0 0 k
28.723 648.244 538.583 -73.537 re
f
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
/GS1 gs
28.723 648.244 251.368 -19.058 re
f
280.091 648.244 94.174 -19.058 re
f
BT
/F2 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 287.1723 636.7829 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
(10-year height \(%\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
374.265 648.244 98.617 -19.058 re
f
BT
9 0 0 9 379.1832 636.7829 Tm
0 0 0 0 k
-0.0116 Tc
(38-year diameter \(%\))Tj
ET
/Cs8 cs 1 scn
472.882 648.244 94.424 -19.058 re
f
BT
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(Roslin)Tj
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(Midlothian)Tj
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(EH25 9SY)Tj
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T*
(\(1991\) predicted the genetic gain from tested clonal seed)Tj
T*
(orchards composed of the best parents to be around)Tj
T*
(+15% for 10-year height. This is the same as the family)Tj
T*
(mean performance for 10-year height measured in this)Tj
T*
(study, suggesting that 38-year volume gains of +21%)Tj
T*
(could be expected \(Table 2\). However, Lee \(2001\) also)Tj
T*
(stated that seed orchard gains for 10-year height had)Tj
T*
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T*
(gains for 10-year height are closer to the 21% predicted)Tj
T*
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(perhaps somewhat artificial figures since they are based)Tj
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(on the improvements observed for a limited number of)Tj
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(around 40 tested parent trees which have been reselected)Tj
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0 -2.8 TD
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0 -1.4 TD
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T*
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T*
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(ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS)Tj
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[(EDWARDS, P. N. AND CHRISTIE, J. M.)-277.9(\(1981\). )]TJ
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(Yield models for forest management)Tj
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(. )Tj
-15.6074 -1.3333 TD
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(Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.)Tj
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[(CHRISTIE, J. M.)-277.9(\(1959\). )]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
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(Code of sample plot procedure.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
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(Forestry Commission Bulletin 31. )Tj
T*
(HMSO, London.)Tj
0 -2.6667 TD
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[(LEE, S. J.)-278(\(1991\). )]TJ
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(Potential gains from genetically improved Sitka spruce.)Tj
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(Forestry Commission Research Information Note 190. )Tj
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(Forestry Commission Research Division, Farnham.)Tj
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[(LEE, S. J.)-278(\(1999\). )]TJ
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(Forestry)Tj
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(72 )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.3896 0 TD
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(\(2\), 123133.)Tj
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(Selection of parents for the Sitka spruce breeding population in)Tj
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(Britain and the strategy for the next breeding cycle. )Tj
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(74)Tj
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(Progress on validation. In: )Tj
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(Report on Forest Research 1992.)Tj
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[(HMSO, London,)-277.9(44.)]TJ
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